310 stainless steel bars are highly versatile materials prized for their ability to withstand extreme temperatures and corrosive environments.
310 stainless steel bars are highly versatile materials prized for their ability to withstand extreme temperatures and corrosive environments. Widely used in various industrial and engineering applications, they offer a combination of strength, durability, and resistance that few other materials can match. Here is a detailed breakdown of their key characteristics:
I. Overview
310 stainless steel bars serve as essential components in applications ranging from high-temperature furnace construction to chemical processing equipment. Their unique alloy composition enables them to maintain structural integrity and performance even under harsh conditions, making them a preferred choice for demanding projects where reliability is crucial. Whether used as structural supports, shafts, or components in heat exchangers, 310 stainless steel bars deliver consistent and dependable performance.
II. Chemical Composition
The chemical makeup of 310 stainless steel bars is what gives them their remarkable properties. The following table details the primary elements, their content ranges, and their roles:
| Element | Content Range (%) | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | ≤0.25 | Contributes to the bar's strength, but higher levels can increase the risk of carbide precipitation during welding, potentially affecting corrosion resistance. |
| Chromium (Cr) | 24.0 - 26.0 | Forms a passive oxide layer on the surface, providing excellent resistance to oxidation and corrosion. This layer protects the underlying metal from environmental attack. |
| Nickel (Ni) | 19.0 - 22.0 | Enhances the bar's ductility, toughness, and resistance to reducing environments. It also helps maintain the austenitic structure, which is beneficial for formability and strength. |
| Manganese (Mn) | ≤2.0 | Functions as a deoxidizer and contributes to the overall strength of the steel. It can also partially substitute for nickel in stabilizing the austenitic structure. |
| Silicon (Si) | ≤1.5 | Improves the bar's resistance to high-temperature scaling, allowing it to perform well in elevated-temperature applications. |
| Phosphorus (P) | ≤0.045 | An impurity that, if present in large amounts, can reduce the bar's impact toughness and cause brittleness, especially at low temperatures. |
| Sulfur (S) | ≤0.030 | An impurity that can negatively impact the bar's hot-working performance, leading to issues like hot shortness during manufacturing processes. |
III. Mechanical Properties
The mechanical properties of 310 stainless steel bars determine their suitability for different applications. The table below presents the key mechanical properties and their significance:
| Property | Value | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Tensile Strength (MPa) | ≥520 | Indicates the maximum stress the bar can withstand before breaking under tension. High tensile strength is vital for applications where the bar needs to support heavy loads or resist pulling forces. |
| Yield Strength (MPa) | ≥205 | Represents the stress at which the bar begins to deform plastically. This property is crucial for ensuring that the bar maintains its shape and functionality under normal operating conditions. |
| Elongation at Break (%) | ≥40 | Measures the bar's ability to deform before fracturing. Good elongation allows for easier machining, forming, and fabrication without the risk of cracking. |
| Hardness (HB) | ≤187 | A relatively low hardness value provides a good balance between workability and strength, enabling the bar to be easily machined into various shapes and sizes while still retaining sufficient strength for its intended use. |
IV. Standard Specifications of Corresponding Countries
310 stainless steel bars are manufactured and evaluated according to specific standards in different countries and regions to ensure quality, safety, and performance consistency. The following table lists some of the prominent standards:
| Country/Region | Standard |
|---|---|
| United States | ASTM A276 - 22 (Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes) ASTM A479 - 22 (Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes for Use in High - Temperature Service) |
| European Union | EN 10088 - 3:2005 (Stainless steels - Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for semi - finished products, bars, rods, wire, sections and forgings of corrosion resisting steels for general purposes) |
| China | GB/T 1220 - 2007 (Stainless steel bars for general purposes) |
V. Popular Grades
310S (06Cr25Ni20): This low-carbon variant of 310 stainless steel is extremely popular, especially in applications where welding is involved. The reduced carbon content (≤0.08%) significantly minimizes the risk of carbide precipitation during welding, thereby enhancing intergranular corrosion resistance. 310S bars are commonly used in the construction of furnace parts, heat treatment fixtures, and other high-temperature equipment where weldability and corrosion resistance are key requirements.
310H (07Cr25Ni20): With a higher carbon content (0.04 - 0.10%) compared to 310S, the 310H grade offers enhanced strength and creep resistance at elevated temperatures. It is specifically designed for applications that demand long-term exposure to high temperatures, such as in boiler components, high-temperature furnace tubes, and parts in power generation plants. The increased carbon content helps the bars maintain their mechanical properties over extended periods under thermal stress, ensuring reliable performance in critical high-temperature environments.
VI. Popular Questions and Answers
Q: Can 310 stainless steel bars be used in marine environments?
A: While 310 stainless steel bars have good general corrosion resistance, they are not the ideal choice for continuous exposure to marine environments. The high chloride content in seawater can still cause pitting corrosion over time, despite the material's protective oxide layer. For marine applications, grades like 316 stainless steel, which contain additional molybdenum for enhanced chloride resistance, are more suitable. However, in some cases where the exposure to seawater is intermittent or less severe, and proper maintenance and protection measures are taken, 310 stainless steel bars can be used, but their lifespan may be shorter compared to more marine - compatible grades.
Q: What machining processes are suitable for 310 stainless steel bars?
A: 310 stainless steel bars can be machined using various processes, including turning, milling, drilling, and threading. However, due to its high strength and work-hardening tendency, it is advisable to use sharp cutting tools and appropriate cutting fluids to reduce friction and heat generation. Slow cutting speeds and high feed rates are often recommended to prevent excessive tool wear and ensure a good surface finish. Additionally, proper tool geometry and preheating of the bar in some cases can also improve the machining process and the quality of the final product.
Q: How do you store 310 stainless steel bars to prevent corrosion?
A: To prevent corrosion, store 310 stainless steel bars in a dry, well-ventilated area away from sources of moisture, chemicals, and contaminants. Avoid stacking them directly on the ground; instead, use wooden pallets or metal racks to keep them elevated. If possible, cover the bars with a breathable protective material, such as a plastic film with ventilation holes, to shield them from dust and moisture. In humid environments, consider using desiccants around the stored bars to reduce the relative humidity. Also, separate 310 stainless steel bars from other metals to prevent galvanic corrosion, which can occur when different metals come into contact in the presence of an electrolyte (such as moisture).
| STS | USA | UNS | CHINA | EURONORM | RUSSIA | SWEDISH | JAPANESE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GRADE | AISI/ASTM | NO | GB | NO | NAME | GOST | SS | JIS |
| 201 | 201 | S20100 | 12Cr17Mn6Ni5N | 1.4372 | - | - | - | SUS 201 |
| 301 | 301 | S30100 | 12Cr17Ni7 | 1.4310 | X 12 CrNi 17 7 | - | 2331 | SUS 301 |
| 303 | 303 | S30300 | 1Cr18Ni9MoZr | 1.4305 | X 10 CrNiS 18 9 | - | 2346 | SUS 303 |
| 304 | 304 | S30400 | 06Cr18Ni9 | 1.4301 | X 6 CrNi 18 10 | 08KH18N10 06KH18N11 |
2332 | SUS 304 |
| 304L | 304L | S30403 | 022Cr19Ni10 | 1.4307 | X 3 CrNi 18 10 | 03KH18N11 | 2352 | SUS 304L |
| 316 | 316 | S31600 | 0Cr17Ni12Mo2 | 1.4401 | X 6 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | - | 2347 | SUS 316 |
| 316L | 316L | S31603 | 022Cr17Ni12Mo2 | 1.4404 | X 3 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | - | 2348 | SUS 316L |
| 316Ti | 316Ti | S31635 | 0Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti | 1.4571 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2 | 08KH17N13M2T 10KH17N13M2T |
2350 | - |
| 321 | 321 | S32100 | 0Cr18Ni11Ti | 1.4541/1.4878 | X 6 CrNiTi 18 10 | 12KH18N10T | 2337 | SUS 321 |
| 347 | 347 | S34709 | 0Cr18Ni11Nb | 1.4550 | X 6 CrNiNb 18 10 | - | 2338 | SUS 347 |
| 309S | 309S | S30908 | 0Cr23N13 | 1.4833 | X 6 CrNi 22 13 | 20KH23N18 | - | SUS 309S |
| 310S | 310S | S31008 | 06Cr25Ni20 | 1.4842 | X 6 CrNi 25 20 | 20KH25N20S2 | 2361 | SUS 310S |
| 416 | 416 | S41600 | Y1Cr13 | 1.4005 | X12CrS13 | - | 2380 | SUS 416 |
| 2205 | 2205 | S32205/S31803 | 00Cr22Ni5Mo3N | 1.4462 | X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 | 02Ch22N5AM2 | 2377 | SUS 329J3L |
| 2507 | 2507 | S32750 | 00Cr25Ni7Mo4N | 1.4410 | X 2 CrNiMoN 25-7-4 | - | - | - |
| 904L | 904L | N08904 | - | 1.4539 | - | - | - | - |
| 254SMO | 254SMO | S31254 | - | 1.4547 | X1CrNiMoCuN20-18-7 | - | 2378 | - |
| 253MA | 253MA | S30815 | - | 1.4835 | X9CrNiSiNCe21-11-2 | - | 2368 | - |
| 17-4PH/630 | 17-4PH/630 | S17400 | 0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb | 1.4542 | X5CrNiCuNb16-4 | 05Ch16N4D2B | - | SUS630 |
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